Electronic Knowledge Networks: Processes and Structure

Introduction Practitioners and researchers in the area of knowledge management have focused almost exclusively on how knowledge is stored, transferred, and used within organizations. However, much knowledge is exchanged in open online forums that cross organizational boundaries. We define an electronic knowledge network (EKN) as a self-organizing, open activity system that focuses on a shared interest or practice and exists primarily through computer-mediated communication. These networks are sustained through a range of technology including e-mail knowledge networks individuals congregate based on shared interest and use the asynchronous nature of the technology to overcome the same-place same-time limitation inherent in face-to-face settings. Activities such as the exchange of technical advice now link thousands of people who lack previous familiarity, physical proximity, and are unaware of each others' demographic characteristics, organizational setting, or even national culture EKNs are important new ways of organizing that have not been well studied so far (Butler, 2001; Fulk & Desanctis, 1995). As with any new phenomena a number of researchers have offered different definitions, each based on a specific emphasis. For example, EKNs focused on practice have been called electronic networks of practice (Wasko, Faraj, & Teigland, 2004). Those focused on a task have been called virtual groups (Ahuja, Galletta, & Carley, 2003), and those focused on shared interests and social support have been called virtual Electronic Knowledge Networks: Processes and Structure 3 community (Rheingold, 1993). We use the electronic knowledge network definition to emphasize the communality of these collectives in terms of electronic mediation, knowledge exchange orientation, and social network structure. This chapter is based on the premise that knowledge exchange in EKNs is sustained by both individual and network influences, and that the network's structure of ties influences individual participation and network dynamics, which results in the exchange of messages that add value to the network and create a public good of collective knowledge. EKNs overcome the limitations of knowledge repositories by supporting knowledge exchange and new knowledge creation through conversation rather than static documentation. The advice accessed through EKNs is useful because EKNs provide access to knowledge from more diverse resources and from better resources (Constant, Sproull and Kiesler 1996). EKNs are critical information resources for knowledge workers because they bridge the gap between knowledge available in codified form, (including knowledge stored in knowledge management systems) and the actual requirements of knowledge work (Brown and Duguid 1991; Wenger 1998). EKNs overcome the limitations …